Use containers for Node.js development

Table of contents

Prerequisites

Complete Containerize a Node.js application.

Overview

In this section, you'll learn how to set up a development environment for your containerized application. This includes:

  • Adding a local database and persisting data
  • Configuring your container to run a development environment
  • Debugging your containerized application

Add a local database and persist data

You can use containers to set up local services, like a database. In this section, you'll update the compose.yaml file to define a database service and a volume to persist data.

  1. Open your compose.yaml file in an IDE or text editor.

  2. Uncomment the database related instructions. The following is the udpated compose.yaml file.

    Important

    For this section, don't run docker compose up until you are instructed to. Running the command at intermediate points may incorrectly initialize your database.

    compose.yaml
    # Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started.
# If you need more help, visit the Docker Compose reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/compose-spec-reference/

# Here the instructions define your application as a service called "server".
# This service is built from the Dockerfile in the current directory.
# You can add other services your application may depend on here, such as a
# database or a cache. For examples, see the Awesome Compose repository:
# https://github.com/docker/awesome-compose
services:
  server:
    build:
      context: .
    environment:
      NODE_ENV: production
    ports:
      - 3000:3000

# The commented out section below is an example of how to define a PostgreSQL
# database that your application can use. `depends_on` tells Docker Compose to
# start the database before your application. The `db-data` volume persists the
# database data between container restarts. The `db-password` secret is used
# to set the database password. You must create `db/password.txt` and add
# a password of your choosing to it before running `docker-compose up`.

    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
  db:
    image: postgres
    restart: always
    user: postgres
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    expose:
      - 5432
    healthcheck:
      test: [ "CMD", "pg_isready" ]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
volumes:
  db-data:
secrets:
  db-password:
    file: db/password.txt

    Note

    To learn more about the instructions in the Compose file, see Compose file reference.

  3. Open src/persistence/postgres.js in an IDE or text editor. You'll notice that this application uses a Postgres database and requires some environment variables in order to connect to the database. The compose.yaml file doesn't have these variables defined yet.

  4. Add the environment variables that specify the database configuration. The following is the updated compose.yaml file.

    compose.yaml
    # Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started.
# If you need more help, visit the Docker Compose reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/compose-spec-reference/

# Here the instructions define your application as a service called "server".
# This service is built from the Dockerfile in the current directory.
# You can add other services your application may depend on here, such as a
# database or a cache. For examples, see the Awesome Compose repository:
# https://github.com/docker/awesome-compose
services:
  server:
    build:
      context: .
    environment:
      NODE_ENV: production
      POSTGRES_HOST: db
      POSTGRES_USER: postgres
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/db-password
      POSTGRES_DB: example
    ports:
      - 3000:3000

# The commented out section below is an example of how to define a PostgreSQL
# database that your application can use. `depends_on` tells Docker Compose to
# start the database before your application. The `db-data` volume persists the
# database data between container restarts. The `db-password` secret is used
# to set the database password. You must create `db/password.txt` and add
# a password of your choosing to it before running `docker-compose up`.

    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
  db:
    image: postgres
    restart: always
    user: postgres
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    expose:
      - 5432
    healthcheck:
      test: [ "CMD", "pg_isready" ]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
volumes:
  db-data:
secrets:
  db-password:
    file: db/password.txt

  5. Add the secrets section under the server service so that your application securely handles the database password. The following is the updated compose.yaml file.

    compose.yaml
    # Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started.
# If you need more help, visit the Docker Compose reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/compose-spec-reference/

# Here the instructions define your application as a service called "server".
# This service is built from the Dockerfile in the current directory.
# You can add other services your application may depend on here, such as a
# database or a cache. For examples, see the Awesome Compose repository:
# https://github.com/docker/awesome-compose
services:
  server:
    build:
      context: .
    environment:
      NODE_ENV: production
      POSTGRES_HOST: db
      POSTGRES_USER: postgres
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/db-password
      POSTGRES_DB: example
    ports:
      - 3000:3000

# The commented out section below is an example of how to define a PostgreSQL
# database that your application can use. `depends_on` tells Docker Compose to
# start the database before your application. The `db-data` volume persists the
# database data between container restarts. The `db-password` secret is used
# to set the database password. You must create `db/password.txt` and add
# a password of your choosing to it before running `docker-compose up`.

    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    secrets:
      - db-password
  db:
    image: postgres
    restart: always
    user: postgres
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    expose:
      - 5432
    healthcheck:
      test: [ "CMD", "pg_isready" ]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
volumes:
  db-data:
secrets:
  db-password:
    file: db/password.txt

  6. In the docker-nodejs-sample directory, create a directory named db.

  7. In the db directory, create a file named password.txt. This file will contain your database password.

    You should now have at least the following contents in your docker-nodejs-sample directory.

    ├── docker-nodejs-sample/
│ ├── db/
│ │ └── password.txt
│ ├── spec/
│ ├── src/
│ ├── .dockerignore
│ ├── .gitignore
│ ├── compose.yaml
│ ├── Dockerfile
│ ├── package-lock.json
│ ├── package.json
│ └── README.md

  8. Open the password.txt file in an IDE or text editor, and specify a password of your choice. Your password must be on a single line with no additional lines. Ensure that the file doesn't contain any newline characters or other hidden characters.

  9. Ensure that you save your changes to all the files that you have modified.

  10. Run the following command to start your application.

    $ docker compose up --build

  11. Open a browser and verify that the application is running at http://localhost:3000.

  12. Add some items to the todo list to test data persistence.

  13. After adding some items to the todo list, press ctrl+c in the terminal to stop your application.

  14. In the terminal, run docker compose rm to remove your containers.

    $ docker compose rm

  15. Run docker compose up to run your application again.

    $ docker compose up --build

  16. Refresh http://localhost:3000 in your browser and verify that the todo items persisted, even after the containers were removed and ran again.

Configure and run a development container

You can use a bind mount to mount your source code into the container. The container can then see the changes you make to the code immediately, as soon as you save a file. This means that you can run processes, like nodemon, in the container that watch for filesystem changes and respond to them. To learn more about bind mounts, see Storage overview.

In addition to adding a bind mount, you can configure your Dockerfile and compose.yaml file to install development dependencies and run development tools.

Update your Dockerfile for development

Open the Dockerfile in an IDE or text editor. Note that the Dockerfile doesn't install development dependencies and doesn't run nodemon. You'll need to update your Dockerfile to install the development dependencies and run nodemon.

Rather than creating one Dockerfile for production, and another Dockerfile for development, you can use one multi-stage Dockerfile for both.

Update your Dockerfile to the following multi-stage Dockerfile.

Dockerfile
# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1

ARG NODE_VERSION=18.0.0

FROM node:${NODE_VERSION}-alpine as base
WORKDIR /usr/src/app
EXPOSE 3000

FROM base as dev
RUN --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
    --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    npm ci --include=dev
USER node
COPY . .
CMD npm run dev

FROM base as prod
RUN --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
    --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    npm ci --omit=dev
USER node
COPY . .
CMD node src/index.js

In the Dockerfile, you first add a label as base to the FROM node:${NODE_VERSION}-alpine statement. This lets you refer to this build stage in other build stages. Next, you add a new build stage labeled dev to install your development dependencies and start the container using npm run dev. Finally, you add a stage labeled prod that omits the dev dependencies and runs your application using node src/index.js. To learn more about multi-stage builds, see Multi-stage builds.

Next, you'll need to update your Compose file to use the new stage.

Update your Compose file for development

To run the dev stage with Compose, you need to update your compose.yaml file. Open your compose.yaml file in an IDE or text editor, and then add the target: dev instruction to target the dev stage from your multi-stage Dockerfile.

Also, add a new volume to the server service for the bind mount. For this application, you'll mount ./src from your local machine to /usr/src/app/src in the container.

Lastly, publish port 9229 for debugging.

The following is the updated Compose file. All comments have been removed.

compose.yaml
services:
  server:
    build:
      context: .
      target: dev
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
      - 9229:9229
    environment:
      NODE_ENV: production
      POSTGRES_HOST: db
      POSTGRES_USER: postgres
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/db-password
      POSTGRES_DB: example
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - ./src:/usr/src/app/src
  db:
    image: postgres
    restart: always
    user: postgres
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    expose:
      - 5432
    healthcheck:
      test: [ "CMD", "pg_isready" ]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
volumes:
  db-data:
secrets:
  db-password:
    file: db/password.txt

Run your development container and debug your application

Run the following command to run your application with the new changes to the Dockerfile and compose.yaml file.

$ docker compose up --build

Open a browser and verify that the application is running at http://localhost:3000.

Any changes to the application's source files on your local machine will now be immediately reflected in the running container.

Open docker-nodejs-sample/src/static/js/app.js in an IDE or text editor and update the button text on line 109 from Add Item to Add.

+                         {submitting ? 'Adding...' : 'Add'}
-                         {submitting ? 'Adding...' : 'Add Item'}

Refresh http://localhost:3000 in your browser and verify that the updated text appears.

You can now connect an inspector client to your application for debugging. For more details about inspector clients, see the Node.js documentation.

Summary

In this section, you took a look at setting up your Compose file to add a mock database and persist data. You also learned how to create a multi-stage Dockerfile and set up a bind mount for development.

Related information:

Next steps

In the next section, you'll learn how to run unit tests using Docker.

Run your tests